Dreaming of launching a thriving loyalty program management agency? Discover the essential steps to build a successful business, from understanding client needs to mastering program design, and explore how a robust financial model can be your secret weapon for profitability.
Steps to Open a Business Idea
Launching a successful business requires a systematic approach, beginning with a well-defined concept. This framework outlines the essential stages to transform an idea into a tangible enterprise.
Step | Description |
---|---|
Idea Generation | Identify a problem or need and brainstorm potential solutions. |
Market Research | Analyze the target audience, competition, and industry trends. |
Business Plan Development | Outline your business goals, strategies, and financial projections. |
Funding Acquisition | Secure necessary capital through savings, loans, or investors. |
Legal Structure & Registration | Choose a legal entity and register your business. |
Product/Service Development | Create and refine your offering based on market feedback. |
Marketing & Sales Strategy | Develop a plan to reach and attract customers. |
Operations Setup | Establish necessary infrastructure, suppliers, and team. |
Launch & Growth | Introduce your business to the market and focus on scaling. |
What Are Key Factors To Consider Before Starting Loyalty Program Management Agency?
Launching a loyalty program management agency requires a strategic approach, beginning with a thorough assessment of the market. Understanding the demand for customer retention strategies and the competitive landscape is paramount. This involves researching existing loyalty consulting firms and identifying potential gaps in their service offerings. For instance, the global customer loyalty management market was valued at a substantial USD 576 billion in 2023, with projections indicating a significant compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 139% from 2024 to 2030. This robust growth signals a strong market opportunity for new entrants.
The initial financial investment is a critical factor. Starting a loyalty consulting firm can require capital ranging from USD 20,000 to USD 100,000. This investment covers essential areas such as legal requirements for a loyalty management company, acquiring the necessary technology stack for a loyalty consulting firm, and implementing initial marketing strategies for a loyalty program startup. Detailed financial planning, including understanding the costs associated with opening a loyalty program management agency, is crucial for a successful launch. You can find more insights into these costs at financialmodel.net/blogs/cost-open/loyalty-program-management.
A key consideration for any loyalty program agency is how to demonstrate value to clients. Businesses typically expect a significant return on investment (ROI) from their loyalty program spend. Benchmarks suggest that clients often look for a 5-10x return on investment for their loyalty program expenditures. Given that loyalty program spend averages between 1-3% of a company's total revenue, proving the effectiveness of your services is non-negotiable. This makes measuring ROI for loyalty program consulting a central aspect of your business model.
Essential Considerations for Launching a Loyalty Program Agency
- Market Demand: Assess the current need for loyalty program management services and identify underserved niches.
- Competitive Analysis: Research existing loyalty program agencies to understand their strengths, weaknesses, and service pricing.
- Financial Planning: Determine the capital required for setup, including legal fees, technology, and marketing, which can range from USD 20,000 to USD 100,000.
- Service Offering: Define clear services, such as rewards program consulting, CRM integration services, and brand loyalty development.
- ROI Measurement: Establish metrics to demonstrate the return on investment for clients, aiming for the industry standard of 5-10x on loyalty program spend.
- Technology Stack: Select appropriate software and tools for loyalty program management, client engagement solutions, and data analysis.
When developing your business plan for a loyalty agency, consider the core services you will offer. These often include designing and implementing customer retention strategies, managing rewards programs, and providing CRM integration services. For a business like 'Connect Rewards', the focus is on building profitable customer loyalty by turning one-time buyers into lifelong advocates. This requires a clear understanding of how to create engaging reward programs that significantly boost revenue, a core objective for most clients seeking loyalty consulting firm expertise.
What Is A Loyalty Program Management Agency?
A Loyalty Program Management Agency is a specialized business focused on helping other companies build and maintain strong customer relationships. They do this by creating, launching, and overseeing customer loyalty and rewards programs. Think of them as experts in keeping customers coming back for more.
These agencies are crucial for businesses looking to improve customer retention strategies. By implementing effective rewards programs, companies can see significant boosts in customer loyalty. For instance, Bain & Company reports that increasing customer retention by just 5% can lead to a profit increase of 25% to 95%. This highlights the direct financial impact of successful loyalty initiatives.
The services offered by a Loyalty Program Management Agency are quite comprehensive. They often include managing customer data through CRM integration services, analyzing program performance with detailed analytics, and developing tailored client engagement solutions. Businesses that effectively integrate loyalty programs often experience an increase in customer lifetime value by as much as 20%.
The ultimate goal of a Loyalty Program Management Agency is to transform casual customers into devoted fans. By fostering strong brand loyalty development, these agencies help businesses cultivate repeat business, which can become a substantial revenue stream. In fact, repeat customers can account for up to 65% of a company's total sales, underscoring the importance of loyalty in sustained growth.
Key Functions of a Loyalty Program Management Agency
- Designing and implementing custom loyalty programs.
- Managing program operations and day-to-day activities.
- Analyzing data to optimize program performance and ROI.
- Providing rewards program consulting to align with business goals.
- Integrating loyalty platforms with existing CRM and marketing systems.
- Developing strategies for enhanced client engagement solutions.
Who Are The Target Clients For A Loyalty Management Firm?
When you're looking to start a loyalty management business, understanding who benefits most from your services is key. Essentially, any company that wants to keep its customers coming back for more can be a target client. This includes a wide range of businesses like shops, online stores, hotels, and companies that offer services. The main goal for these clients is to boost customer retention and, in turn, increase their revenue.
Small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are increasingly recognizing the power of loyalty programs. In fact, reports indicate that approximately 70% of SMBs plan to spend more on their loyalty initiatives over the next two years. This shows a growing trend and a significant opportunity for new loyalty program agencies.
On the other end of the spectrum, enterprise-level clients often have substantial budgets dedicated to customer loyalty. For large corporations, the average annual spending on loyalty programs can exceed USD 1 million. This scale makes them particularly attractive clients and influences how you might approach pricing your loyalty program management services, as detailed in articles about how much it costs to start a loyalty program business.
Key Industries and Customer Segments
- Retail Businesses: From fashion boutiques to electronics stores, retailers are prime candidates for loyalty program management.
- E-commerce Platforms: Online retailers rely heavily on repeat purchases, making loyalty programs a critical component of their growth strategy.
- Hospitality Providers: Hotels, restaurants, and other hospitality services can significantly benefit from rewarding loyal customers.
- Service-Based Companies: Businesses offering subscriptions, consulting, or other services can foster loyalty through well-structured reward programs.
- Quick-Service Restaurants (QSRs) and Fashion Retail: These sectors have demonstrated particularly high engagement, with loyalty program participation rates often reaching 60-70%. This indicates a strong market demand and a fertile ground for developing a loyalty program agency setup.
When you launch a loyalty program company, you'll find a diverse client base. While large corporations offer significant revenue potential, don't overlook the growing segment of SMBs that are actively seeking to implement or improve their customer loyalty strategies. The market demand for loyalty program management is robust, driven by the universal business need for sustainable growth through customer retention.
How Do Loyalty Program Agencies Make Money?
Loyalty program agencies, like Connect Rewards, generate revenue through a multi-faceted approach that caters to the diverse needs of businesses seeking to enhance customer retention and boost sales. Their income streams are designed to align with the value they deliver, ensuring a profitable business model for the agency and tangible results for clients.
The core of their earnings comes from project-based fees and recurring management retainers. Project fees are typically charged for the initial setup and design of a customer loyalty program. This can involve everything from market research and strategy development to platform selection and the creation of reward structures. These one-time fees are crucial for establishing the foundation of a successful loyalty initiative.
Revenue Streams for Loyalty Program Agencies
- Project-Based Fees: For the initial design and strategy of loyalty programs, which can range from USD 10,000 to USD 50,000 depending on the complexity and scope of the client's needs. This fee covers the foundational work required to launch an effective program.
- Recurring Management Fees: Ongoing services for program administration, optimization, and reporting. These fees often represent 10% to 20% of the total loyalty program budget or a flat monthly fee, typically between USD 2,000 to USD 10,000+, ensuring continuous program performance.
- Performance-Based Incentives: Bonuses or additional fees tied to achieving specific client success metrics, such as increased customer retention rates, higher average order values, or improved customer lifetime value. This structure directly links the agency's compensation to client ROI.
Beyond initial setup, agencies earn through recurring management fees. These are vital for sustaining the program's effectiveness over time. This involves ongoing tasks like data analysis, campaign execution, customer support related to the program, and continuous optimization based on performance metrics. These fees ensure that the loyalty program remains dynamic and impactful.
Performance-based incentives are another key revenue driver. By tying a portion of their earnings to measurable outcomes – such as increased customer lifetime value or higher repeat purchase rates – loyalty program agencies demonstrate their commitment to client success. This aligns the agency's goals directly with the client's business objectives, fostering a strong partnership.
For agencies that effectively manage and scale their operations, profit margins can be quite healthy. The average profit margin for loyalty businesses can fall between 15% and 30%. This profitability is often achieved through efficient operational structures, leveraging technology for automation, and maintaining a strong client base that recognizes the value of expert loyalty program management.
What Software Tools Are Essential For A Loyalty Program Business?
To effectively launch and manage a loyalty program agency, a well-defined technology stack is crucial. This includes customer relationship management (CRM) systems, specialized loyalty program platforms, robust analytics tools, and efficient communication software. These tools are the backbone for delivering value to clients and managing your own operations. Think of 'Connect Rewards' needing these to design, manage, and optimize customer loyalty programs for their clients, turning buyers into advocates.
Core Software for Loyalty Program Agencies
Essential software tools for a Loyalty Program Business include robust CRM platforms, specialized loyalty program software, analytics dashboards, and communication tools for client engagement. These categories cover client management, program execution, performance measurement, and ongoing interaction. Without these, a loyalty consulting firm would struggle to deliver comprehensive services.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Platforms
Leading CRM systems like Salesforce, HubSpot, or Zoho CRM are critical for client management and integration. These platforms help manage client pipelines, track communications, and store essential client data. For a loyalty consulting firm, offering CRM integration services as part of your package can be a significant value-add, ensuring seamless data flow between client systems and loyalty platforms. This is a core component of client engagement solutions.
Dedicated Loyalty Program Software
Dedicated loyalty platforms such as Antavo, Yotpo, or LoyaltyLion can cost from USD 500 to USD 5,000+ per month for agency-level licenses, forming a core part of the technology stack for a loyalty consulting firm. These platforms provide the functionality to design, launch, and manage various types of loyalty programs, from points-based systems to tiered rewards and experiential benefits. Selecting the right platform depends on the complexity of programs you intend to manage and the scale of your clients' businesses.
Analytics and Reporting Tools
Analytics tools like Google Analytics, Tableau, or Power BI are vital for measuring ROI for loyalty program consulting. These tools allow you to track key performance indicators (KPIs) such as customer retention rates, repeat purchase frequency, and average order value. Data shows that implementing advanced analytics can lead to up to a 15% improvement in program effectiveness. This data-driven approach is key to demonstrating the value of your services and refining customer retention strategies.
Communication and Engagement Tools
Effective communication tools are also necessary for maintaining strong client relationships and ensuring program participants are engaged. This can include email marketing platforms, SMS marketing services, and social media management tools. These facilitate targeted messaging, promotional campaigns, and feedback collection, all vital for brand loyalty development. A strong emphasis on client engagement solutions ensures that both the agency and its clients' customers feel connected.
Formulate A Comprehensive Business Plan For Loyalty Program Management Agency
To successfully launch a loyalty program management agency, a robust business plan is essential. This foundational document outlines your agency's mission, clearly defines the specific services you will offer, and details your strategy for reaching your target market. It's the blueprint for your entire operation, guiding everything from client acquisition to service delivery.
Define Your Loyalty Program Agency's Mission and Services
Your business plan must articulate a clear mission statement for your loyalty program agency. This statement should encapsulate your core purpose and the value you bring to clients. Alongside the mission, detail your service offerings. These could include designing custom loyalty programs, managing existing reward platforms, optimizing customer engagement strategies, and providing CRM integration services. Specifying these services clearly sets client expectations and defines your agency's expertise.
Conduct Thorough Market Analysis for Loyalty Program Management
Understanding the market is crucial when you start a loyalty management business. Research indicates a strong demand, with statistics showing that 84% of consumers are more likely to remain loyal to a brand that offers a loyalty program. This highlights a significant opportunity for agencies that can effectively build and manage these programs. Analyzing competitors and identifying market gaps will help you position your agency effectively.
Loyalty Program Agency Business Model and Revenue Streams
- Consulting Fees: Charging for expert advice on loyalty program strategy and design.
- Platform Subscriptions: Offering access to proprietary or licensed loyalty software.
- Managed Services: Providing ongoing management and optimization of client loyalty programs.
- Performance-Based Fees: Tying a portion of revenue to the success metrics of the loyalty programs you manage.
A well-defined business model is key to the financial viability of your loyalty consulting firm. Revenue streams for loyalty program management agencies can be diverse. Many generate income through consulting fees, charging clients for strategic advice and program design. Others leverage platform subscriptions, offering access to specialized loyalty software. Managed services, where the agency takes on the day-to-day operation of a client's loyalty program, are also a significant revenue source. For established firms, these diverse income streams can lead to an average annual revenue ranging from USD 250,000 to over USD 1 million.
Project Financial Performance and Startup Costs
Your business plan needs to include realistic financial projections. This involves detailing all anticipated startup costs, such as software, marketing, and initial staffing. You'll also need to project ongoing operational expenses, including salaries, technology upkeep, and client acquisition costs. Setting clear profitability targets is vital, with many early-stage loyalty program startups aiming to reach breakeven within 12 to 18 months of operation.
Register And Legally Establish Loyalty Program Management Agency
To properly start a loyalty management business, you need to handle the legal groundwork. This involves selecting the right business structure, officially registering your agency's name, securing any required licenses, and making sure you comply with data privacy laws. This foundational step is critical for operating legitimately and building trust with clients.
When you launch a loyalty program company, key legal requirements include registering your business, often with the Secretary of State if you choose an LLC or Corporation structure. You'll also need to obtain an Employer Identification Number (EIN) from the IRS, which is like a Social Security number for your business. This process ensures your business is recognized by the government for tax purposes.
Essential Legal and Compliance Steps for a Loyalty Agency
- Business Structure Selection: Choose between sole proprietorship, partnership, LLC, or corporation based on liability and tax implications.
- Business Name Registration: Register your chosen business name with your state and potentially secure a trademark.
- Federal Tax ID (EIN): Obtain an EIN from the IRS, necessary for hiring employees and opening business bank accounts.
- State and Local Licenses/Permits: Research and acquire all necessary licenses and permits to operate legally in your chosen location.
- Data Privacy Compliance: Understand and adhere to regulations like the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), especially when handling customer data for rewards program consulting. Non-compliance can lead to significant fines, potentially millions of dollars.
Protecting your loyalty consulting firm with appropriate insurance is a smart move. Professional liability insurance, also known as errors and omissions (E&O) insurance, is vital for covering claims related to mistakes or negligence in your services. General liability insurance covers basic business risks like property damage or injuries. For a new loyalty management business, annual premiums for this coverage can typically range from USD 500 to USD 2,000.
Develop A Strong Service Offering For Loyalty Program Management Agency
To successfully launch a loyalty program agency, you need a well-defined service offering. This means clearly stating what you do, who you help, and what makes your agency stand out. Think about the specific problems businesses face with customer loyalty and how your agency solves them. A focused approach can attract the right clients and build a strong reputation in the market.
A robust service offering covers the entire lifecycle of a loyalty program. This includes designing the program from scratch, getting it up and running, managing it day-to-day, and continuously improving it. Many businesses struggle with these aspects, making expert help essential. In fact, 79% of consumers state that personalized loyalty programs increase their loyalty to a brand, highlighting the demand for effective program management.
Key Services for a Loyalty Program Agency
A comprehensive service package for a loyalty program management agency should include:
- Loyalty Program Design: Creating the structure, rules, and reward systems tailored to a client's business goals and customer base.
- Implementation and Launch: Setting up the technology, integrating with existing systems, and rolling out the program to customers.
- Ongoing Management: Day-to-day operations, including member support, reward fulfillment, and campaign execution.
- Optimization and Analytics: Monitoring program performance, analyzing data, and making strategic adjustments to improve engagement and ROI.
- CRM Integration Services: Connecting loyalty platforms with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems to unify customer data and personalize experiences.
Specializing can be a powerful differentiator. Consider focusing on specific industries, such as retail or hospitality, where loyalty programs are critical. Alternatively, you could develop expertise in particular technologies, like blockchain for loyalty points, or focus on specific types of customer retention strategies. This niche approach helps your loyalty consulting firm stand out in a competitive landscape of loyalty agencies.
To cater to a broader client base, consider packaging your services into tiered plans. For example, offering a 'Basic' plan for consultation and strategy, a 'Premium' plan for design and implementation, and an 'Enterprise' plan for full-scale management and optimization. These structured offerings can attract businesses of all sizes. Project values can vary significantly, with basic consultations potentially starting around USD 5,000 and full deployments reaching USD 100,000+.
When creating your service offering, clearly articulate your unique value proposition. What makes your loyalty program agency different? Perhaps it's your proprietary technology, your deep industry expertise, or your exceptional client engagement solutions. Highlighting these aspects will help potential clients understand why they should choose your services to build brand loyalty development.
Build A Skilled Team For Loyalty Program Management Agency
To successfully launch and operate a Loyalty Program Management Agency, assembling a team with diverse and complementary skills is crucial. This ensures comprehensive service delivery, from strategic planning to hands-on execution.
Key Expertise for Your Loyalty Team
A successful loyalty program agency needs professionals who understand the intricacies of customer engagement and data. The core competencies required include:
- Marketing Expertise: Professionals skilled in designing compelling customer retention strategies and brand loyalty development.
- Data Analytics: Individuals who can interpret customer data to identify trends, measure ROI for loyalty programs, and inform strategic decisions.
- Project Management: Experts to oversee the implementation and ongoing management of loyalty programs, ensuring smooth client engagement solutions.
- Customer Experience (CX) Specialists: Team members focused on crafting positive and memorable interactions for a client's customers.
Core Team Composition and Salary Expectations
When starting out, a lean but effective team is ideal. A foundational group of 2-4 individuals is often sufficient. This might include a dedicated loyalty consultant to strategize, a data analyst to crunch numbers, and a project manager to keep everything on track. The average annual salaries for loyalty professionals can range significantly, typically from USD 60,000 to USD 120,000, depending on experience and specific roles.
Investing in Professional Development and Certification
To elevate your agency's credibility and service quality, investing in ongoing training and certifications for your team is highly recommended. Programs like the Certified Loyalty Marketing Professional (CLMP) demonstrate a commitment to expertise. Professionals who hold such certifications often command higher salaries, frequently seeing an increase of 10-15%, reflecting their specialized knowledge and value.
Leveraging Remote Operations for Talent and Cost Savings
Consider the benefits of a remote operational model for your loyalty program agency. Operating remotely opens access to a global talent pool, allowing you to recruit the best individuals regardless of geographical location. This approach can also lead to substantial cost savings, potentially reducing overhead expenses by 20-30% compared to traditional brick-and-mortar offices.
Implement Effective Marketing Strategies For Loyalty Program Management Agency
To successfully launch and grow a loyalty program management agency, like Connect Rewards, implementing robust marketing strategies is essential. This involves building a strong online presence, creating valuable content, and actively networking within industries that benefit from enhanced customer retention strategies.
Develop a Strong Online Presence and Leverage Content Marketing
A key strategy for a loyalty program agency is to establish a significant online footprint. Content marketing plays a vital role here. By publishing thought leadership articles on customer retention strategies and showcasing case studies that highlight loyalty program success, agencies can attract organic traffic. For instance, businesses that consistently blog tend to generate 67% more leads per month, demonstrating the power of valuable content.
Utilize Search Engine Optimization (SEO) for Client Acquisition
Optimizing your online content for relevant search terms is critical for finding clients. For a new loyalty agency, targeting keywords like 'open customer loyalty agency,' 'rewards program consulting,' and 'client engagement solutions' will improve visibility. Research indicates that 70-80% of users actively avoid paid advertisements, preferring to engage with organic search results. This makes SEO a cornerstone for attracting potential clients seeking loyalty consulting firm services.
Network and Form Strategic Partnerships
Beyond digital efforts, active participation in industry conferences and the formation of strategic partnerships can yield high-quality leads. These real-world connections are invaluable for a loyalty consulting firm. In fact, referral programs alone are responsible for up to 35% of new client acquisitions for many B2B service businesses, underscoring the importance of building relationships.
Key Marketing Tactics for a Loyalty Program Management Agency
- Content Creation: Develop blog posts, white papers, and case studies focused on customer retention strategies and the benefits of loyalty programs.
- SEO Optimization: Target keywords such as 'loyalty program agency setup,' 'start loyalty management business,' and 'brand loyalty development.'
- Industry Events: Attend and exhibit at relevant trade shows and conferences to connect with potential clients and partners.
- Partnerships: Collaborate with complementary businesses, such as CRM providers or marketing agencies, for lead sharing and joint ventures.
- Social Media Marketing: Engage on platforms where your target audience is active, sharing insights and promoting your services.
Acquire Initial Clients For Loyalty Program Management Agency
To successfully launch your Loyalty Program Management Agency, securing those crucial first clients is paramount. Many new agencies find success by tapping into their existing professional circles. This means reaching out to past colleagues, business contacts, and even friends who own businesses. A personal introduction often carries more weight than a cold outreach. Remember, your network is often your first and most valuable resource when you start a loyalty management business.
Another effective strategy for a loyalty program agency setup is offering a pilot program or an initial free consultation. This approach significantly lowers the perceived risk for potential clients. Studies show that around 70% of businesses are willing to try new services if the initial commitment is low. This allows them to experience your expertise firsthand without a substantial upfront investment, making them more receptive to your full service offerings.
Showcasing proven results is vital for any loyalty consulting firm. Developing a robust portfolio with compelling case studies that demonstrate tangible Return on Investment (ROI) for previous loyalty program projects is critical. In fact, approximately 92% of B2B buyers are more likely to make a purchase after reading a trusted review or case study. Highlight specific metrics like increased customer retention or revenue growth achieved for past clients.
Focusing your client acquisition efforts on specific industries or business sizes that have a clear need for brand loyalty development can streamline your process. Identifying sectors with high customer churn or intense competition, where customer retention strategies are crucial, allows you to tailor your message and services effectively. This targeted approach ensures you're concentrating your resources where the market demand for loyalty program management is highest, making it easier to find clients for a new loyalty agency.
Key Strategies for Initial Client Acquisition
- Leverage your personal and professional networks for introductions and referrals.
- Offer discounted pilot programs or free initial consultations to reduce client risk.
- Develop compelling case studies demonstrating measurable ROI from past loyalty program successes.
- Target specific industries or business sizes with a high demonstrated need for loyalty initiatives.
Continuously Optimize And Scale Loyalty Program Management Agency
To ensure long-term success for your Loyalty Program Management Agency, like 'Connect Rewards', continuous optimization and strategic scaling are essential. This means consistently evaluating how well your services are working, investing in the right technology, and adapting your offerings to match what the market demands. Think of it as always fine-tuning your engine to get the best performance.
Measure Success For Loyalty Program Agency
Regularly measuring success is crucial for improving your loyalty program agency. This involves gathering feedback directly from your clients to understand their satisfaction levels. It also means tracking key performance indicators (KPIs) related to the loyalty programs you manage, such as customer retention rates and participation levels. Financial analysis, looking at your agency's revenue and profitability, also provides vital insights. For instance, a successful agency might see an increase in client program participation by 15-25% within the first year of service.
Invest In Technology For Efficiency
Investing in advanced technology, particularly in CRM integration services, is a smart move for any loyalty agency. Having the right software, like customer data platforms (CDPs) or specialized loyalty management software, allows your agency to operate more efficiently. This means you can manage more clients and more complex programs without needing a proportional increase in staff or overhead costs. For example, implementing a robust CRM can reduce client onboarding time by 30%.
Essential Software for a Loyalty Agency
- Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software (e.g., Salesforce, HubSpot)
- Loyalty Program Management Platforms (e.g., LoyaltyLion, Smile.io)
- Data Analytics and Reporting Tools
- Marketing Automation Software
- Project Management Tools
Scaling Strategies For Loyalty Program Businesses
Scaling your loyalty program management business can take several forms. You might look to expand into new geographical markets, bringing your expertise to businesses in different regions. Offering specialized consulting for emerging loyalty trends, such as Web3 loyalty programs or gamified experiences, can also open up new revenue streams. Another growth strategy is acquiring smaller, complementary agencies to increase your market share and client base. The goal with these scaling efforts is typically to achieve significant year-over-year revenue growth, often in the range of 20% to 50% annually.